Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in China: A Panel Data Analysis

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association ABR across 30 provinces mainland We used two measures of level ABR: proportion methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), aggregate resistance. data prevalence, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed public toilet density during 2014 2018 China were included. examined potential contributing using panel modeling. addition, we explored eastern, central, western economic zones. Our results indicated that GDP capita significantly positively correlated with eastern zone; however, positive associations did not exist central Surprisingly, both higher OOP expenditure associated MRSA, but lower 3GCREC; 3GCREC. presented decline trend 2018. study showed associ-ations density. It high-lights social determinants can be importance tacking development spread